Ariel Sharon, one of Israel’s most prominent military and political figures, left behind a complex and controversial legacy. He served as Israel's Prime Minister from 2001 until 2006 and is remembered for his role in many significant military operations, peace negotiations, and political decisions throughout his long career. However, Sharon is also associated with numerous acts of violence, military invasions, and policies that have been labeled by many as acts of terrorism, particularly due to the high toll they exacted on Palestinian civilians.
This article will explore some of the most contentious aspects of Ariel Sharon’s actions during his military and political career, focusing on the controversial events and decisions that some critics argue were acts of terrorism, while others defend him as a leader dedicated to Israel’s security. It is important to recognize the polarization surrounding Sharon’s legacy, as different groups view his actions through vastly different lenses, reflecting the deeply entrenched conflict between Israelis and Palestinians.
1. The Early Military Career: A Legacy of Violence
Ariel Sharon's rise to power began in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), where he built a reputation as a daring and aggressive military leader. His military career was marked by key roles in several Israeli military operations, many of which resulted in heavy casualties among Palestinian civilians and enemies.
One of the earliest and most controversial acts attributed to Sharon was his role in the 1953 Qibya massacre. During this operation, Sharon, then a young officer in the IDF, led a raid on the Jordanian village of Qibya. In retaliation for the killing of an Israeli woman by Palestinian militants, the IDF under Sharon’s command blew up more than 40 homes and killed at least 69 Palestinian civilians, including women and children. This attack, conducted in the name of Israeli security, has been widely condemned as an act of terrorism because of its disproportionate targeting of civilians, a hallmark of what some critics later referred to as Sharon's military tactics.
Sharon’s defense of his actions in Qibya, as well as many of his later military actions, was consistent: he believed that extreme measures were necessary for Israel’s survival and security. However, critics argue that Sharon's repeated use of violence and his disregard for civilian casualties made him one of the key figures in a violent cycle of repression and resistance that continues to characterize the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
2. The Sabra and Shatila Massacre (1982)
One of the most defining events in Sharon’s career—and one that remains a source of intense controversy—was his involvement in the 1982 Lebanon War and the subsequent Sabra and Shatila massacre. Sharon, who was Israel's Minister of Defense at the time, played a pivotal role in the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The operation was intended to oust the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) from southern Lebanon, but it also led to Israel’s direct involvement in Lebanon's internal conflict.
After the Israeli military had encircled Beirut and expelled the PLO, Sharon allowed Lebanese Christian militias, particularly the Phalangists, to enter the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila, located in West Beirut. Over the course of three days, between September 16 and 18, 1982, the Phalangists, with the tacit approval and support of the Israeli military, massacred between 800 and 3,500 Palestinian civilians, including women, children, and the elderly. The brutal killings, which included rapes, mutilations, and executions, were carried out under the supervision of Israeli soldiers positioned around the camps.
Though Sharon did not directly participate in the massacre, his role in enabling the Phalangists to enter the camps and his failure to prevent the violence led to widespread accusations that he bore responsibility for the massacre. In 1983, the Israeli Kahan Commission concluded that Sharon bore "personal responsibility" for the massacre because he allowed the Phalangist forces into the camps without ensuring the protection of the Palestinian civilians. As a result, Sharon was forced to resign as Defense Minister, although he remained a powerful figure in Israeli politics.
For many Palestinians and their supporters, the Sabra and Shatila massacre is considered one of the most tragic and clear instances of Israeli terror against civilians. For others, particularly in Israel, the massacre is viewed as a tragic but isolated event in the broader context of the Lebanon War, with Sharon maintaining that he never intended for such atrocities to occur.
3. The Second Intifada and the "Breaking of Bones" Campaign
Ariel Sharon’s political career took another dark turn during the Second Intifada, which broke out in 2000 in response to Palestinian frustration with the ongoing occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. Sharon’s visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in Jerusalem in September 2000, a site that is also sacred to Jews as the Temple Mount, was seen as a provocative gesture that escalated tensions between Palestinians and Israelis.
In response to the growing unrest, Sharon approved the use of extreme military force to suppress Palestinian protests and violence. Sharon’s tactics during the Second Intifada, which included widespread raids, curfews, and the destruction of Palestinian infrastructure, have been criticized as acts of collective punishment. His government’s policy of targeted killings—assassinating Palestinian leaders, activists, and militants—was also condemned as a violation of international law, particularly because many of these assassinations led to the deaths of innocent bystanders.
Perhaps one of the most infamous campaigns associated with Sharon during this time was the “Breaking of Bones” strategy. This involved the use of severe tactics to crush Palestinian resistance, including the beating and maiming of protesters. While Sharon did not personally carry out these acts, his approval of such tactics contributed to a climate of violence that resulted in large-scale Palestinian civilian casualties.
4. The Gaza Disengagement Plan (2005): A Strategic Move or Act of Terror?
In 2005, as Prime Minister, Sharon implemented the Gaza Disengagement Plan, which involved the unilateral withdrawal of Israeli settlers and military forces from the Gaza Strip. While the plan was presented as a step toward peace, it was deeply controversial. Some saw it as a strategic move aimed at preserving Israel's demographic balance and securing Israeli control over the West Bank, while others believed it was an attempt to solidify Israel’s grip on the remaining Palestinian territories.
For many Palestinians, the withdrawal was seen as a form of "territorial terrorism" because it occurred without negotiation with Palestinian leaders, leaving Gaza’s population without meaningful autonomy and under the control of the Israeli military’s surrounding presence. Although the plan led to the evacuation of settlements, it did little to address the fundamental issues of Palestinian statehood and sovereignty. Moreover, the continued blockade and the heavy reliance on military force in Gaza were seen as methods of subjugation rather than liberation.
Sharon’s Gaza disengagement, although presented as a step toward peace, ultimately led to further instability and violence. The subsequent rise of Hamas in Gaza and the continued military confrontations with Israel raised questions about the effectiveness and sincerity of Sharon’s policy.
5. The Complex Legacy of Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon’s actions and policies have long been the subject of fierce debate. To many, particularly Palestinians and their supporters, Sharon’s acts of violence, the use of disproportionate force, and his complicity in massacres such as Sabra and Shatila make him a figure responsible for terrorism and war crimes. On the other hand, his supporters view him as a pragmatic leader who sought to secure Israel’s safety amid existential threats. His role in founding the Likud party and his ultimate decision to leave it in favor of establishing the Kadima party in 2005 added another layer of complexity to his legacy.
Ultimately, Ariel Sharon’s life story represents the contradictions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. His commitment to Israeli security, his military achievements, and his bold political decisions are often overshadowed by his use of force, disregard for civilian lives, and the aftermath of his policies, which led to profound suffering among Palestinian civilians. While some view him as a national hero, others see him as a figure responsible for perpetuating violence and suffering.
The question of whether Sharon’s actions constitute acts of terrorism remains a point of contention, and how history judges his legacy will depend largely on perspective—whether through the lens of Israeli security or Palestinian suffering. What remains clear, however, is that Ariel Sharon's legacy will continue to be debated for generations to come, as the wounds of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict remain deep and unresolved.